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The Story

The story of PerTau. Based on Harvard-Smithsonian's Press Release (Sept 22, 2021)

GIGANTIC CAVITY IN SPACE SHEDS NEW LIGHT ON HOW STARS FORM

Astronomers have discovered a humongous cavity in space while mapping interstellar dust. The sphere-shaped phenomenon may explain how supernovae lead to star formation.

Cambridge, Mass. – Astronomers analyzing 3D maps of the shapes and sizes of nearby molecular clouds have discovered a gigantic cavity in space.

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The sphere-shaped void, described today in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, spans about 150 parsecs — nearly 500 light years — and is located on the sky among the constellations Perseus and Taurus. The research team, which is based at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, believes the cavity was formed by ancient supernovae that went off some 10 million years ago.

“Hundreds of stars are forming or exist already at the surface of this giant bubble,” says Shmuel Bialy, a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for Theory and Computation (ITC) at the Center for Astrophysics (CfA) who led the study. “We have two theories—either one supernova went off at the core of this bubble and pushed gas outward forming what we now call the ‘Perseus-Taurus Supershell,’ or a series of supernovae occurring over millions of years created it over time.” 

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The finding suggests that the Perseus and Taurus molecular clouds are not independent structures in space. But rather, they formed together from the very same supernova shockwave. “This demonstrates that when a star dies, its supernova generates a chain of events that may ultimately lead to the birth of new stars,” Bialy explains.

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Astronomers have discovered a giant, spherical cavity within the Milky Way galaxy; its location is depicted on the right. A zoomed-in view of the cavity (left) shows the Perseus and Taurus molecular clouds in red and blue, respectively. Though the clouds appear to touch in this 2D view, new 3D images of the clouds show they lie at very different distances on the surface of the cavity shown in green. This image was produced in glue using WorldWide Telescope’s Milky Way data-driven cartoon (produced by Robert Hurt). Credit: Alyssa Goodman/Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian.

Augmented reality offers 3D views of the Perseus-Taurus Supershell, which was recently discovered while astronomers were analyzing 3D maps of interstellar gas and dust. Users can scan a QR code to either float a 3D image over a flat surface, or project data onto a cube-shaped handheld target, allowing them to hold a bit of the universe in their hand. Credit: Alyssa Goodman/Catherine Zucker/Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian.

MAPPING STELLAR NURSERIES

The 3D map of the bubble and surrounding clouds were created using new data from Gaia, a space-based observatory launched by the European Space Agency (ESA). 

 

Descriptions of exactly how 3D maps of the Perseus and Taurus molecular clouds and other nearby clouds were analyzed appear in a separate study published today in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ). Both studies make use of a dust reconstruction created by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Germany.

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The maps represent the first-time molecular clouds have been charted in 3D. Previous images of the clouds were constrained to two dimensions.

The maps represent the first-time molecular clouds have been charted in 3D. Previous images of the clouds were constrained to two dimensions.

 

“We’ve been able to see these clouds for decades, but we never knew their true shape, depth or thickness. We also were unsure how far away the clouds were,” says Catherine Zucker, a postdoctoral researcher at the CfA who led the ApJ study. “Now we know where they lie with only 1 percent uncertainty, allowing us to discern this void between them.”

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Astronomers have discovered that two famous molecular clouds within the Milky Way galaxy, Perseus (red) and Taurus (blue), lie on the rim of a huge interstellar bubble, shedding new light on the process of star formation.  Credit: Jasen Lux Chambers/Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian

Astronomers mapping interstellar dust have discovered a huge, spherical-shaped cavity in space. The discovery shows that supernovae led to the creation of the Perseus and Taurus molecular clouds. Credit: Jasen Chambers/Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian.

THE UNIVERSE AT YOUR FINGERTIPS

The new research marks the first time journals of the American Astronomical Society (AAS) publish astronomy visualizations in augmented reality. Scientists and the public may interact with the visualization of the cavity and its surrounding molecular clouds by simply scanning a QR code in the paper with their smartphone.

 

“You can literally make the universe float over your kitchen table,” says Harvard professor and CfA astronomer Alyssa Goodman, a co-author on both studies and founder of glue, the data visualization software that was used to create the maps of molecular clouds.

 

Goodman calls the new publications examples of the “paper of the future” and considers them important steps toward the interactivity and reproducibility of science, which AAS committed to in 2015 as part of their effort to modernize publications.

 

“We need richer records of scientific discovery,” Goodman says. “And current scholarly papers could be doing much better. All of the data in these papers are available online — on Harvard’s Dataverse — so that anyone can build on our results.”

 

Goodman envisions future scientific articles where audio, video and enhanced visuals are regularly included, allowing all readers to more easily understand the research presented.

 

She says, “It’s 3D visualizations like these that can help both scientists and the public understand what’s happening in space and the powerful effects of supernovae.”

Using new 3D maps of gas and dust in interstellar space, astronomers have discovered a huge cavity created by a giant supernova explosion 10 million years ago. The same 3D maps, made possible by new statistical techniques applied to data from the Gaia observatory, are revealing the internal structure of dozens of star-forming regions near the Sun, unveiling the 3D nature of star formation in our galaxy, previously hidden in 2D views. Credit: Alyssa Goodman, Jasen Chambers and the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian.

Additional co-authors on the ApJ Letter are: Catherine Zucker, Alyssa Goodman, Michael Foley and Vadim Semenov of the Center for Astrophysics; João Alves of the University of Vienna; Robert Benjamin of the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater; and Reimar Leike and Torsten Ensslin of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics.

 

Co-authors on the ApJ study are: Alyssa Goodman, Shmuel Bialy, Eric Koch, Joshua Speagle, Michael Foley and Douglas Finkbeiner of the Center for Astrophysics; Joao Alves of the University of Vienna; Reimar Leike, Torsten Ensslin and Gordian Edenhofer of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics; and Joshua Peek of the Space Telescope Science Institute.

 

The augmented reality figure was made possible thanks to a collaboration between the glue team, the American Astronomical Society and Delightex, a commercial software company. glue is funded by the National Science Foundation, NASA and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

 

About the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian: The Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian is a collaboration between Harvard and the Smithsonian designed to ask—and ultimately answer—humanity’s greatest unresolved questions about the nature of the universe. The Center for Astrophysics is headquartered in Cambridge, MA, with research facilities across the U.S. and around the world.

 

Media Contact:

Nadia Whitehead
Public Affairs Officer
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
nadia.whitehead@cfa.harvard.edu
617-721-7371

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